Neurology
For unexplained headaches, dizziness, numbness, muscle weakness, or memory problems, one should consult a neurology specialist. Neurology is a branch of medicine dedicated to diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system.
The nervous system is a complex network comprising the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) and the nerves and muscles (peripheral nervous system). Everything we do depends on messages or nerve impulses that the nervous system sends and transmits between the brain, spinal cord, and other body parts. The brain controls all vital functions, including breathing and heart rate. Nerve impulses travel from the brain along the spinal cord, enabling control over body functions such as arm and leg movements, sensory responses like touch and temperature, or involuntary functions of internal organs. These functions are managed by a part of the peripheral nervous system called the autonomic nervous system, which regulates essential functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, urination, and sexual functions. Due to injuries or diseases of the nervous system, a person may have mobility issues, and in some cases, may become immobile.
Symptoms Indicating the Need to Visit a Neurologist
Symptoms of neurological diseases can vary significantly depending on the type of disease and the part of the nervous system affected. However, there are some general symptoms that may indicate a neurological problem and warrant a visit to a neurologist, including:
- Headache – can range from migraines and tension headaches to intense pain during a stroke.
- Dizziness and fainting – a feeling of disorientation, loss of balance, or temporary loss of consciousness can indicate a neurological problem.
- Changes in mobility – muscle weakness or paralysis, tremors, muscle twitching (myoclonus), or stiffness (rigidity).
- Coordination issues – difficulty maintaining balance, unsteady gait, or problems with fine motor skills.
- Sensory changes – tingling, numbness, burning, or loss of sensation in certain body parts.
- Speech and language difficulties – trouble expressing, understanding, or articulating words.
- Memory and cognitive function changes – issues with memory, concentration, attention, and thinking.
- Seizures – sudden, uncontrollable muscle contractions and changes in consciousness.
- Mood and mental health changes – depression, anxiety, personality changes, or emotional disturbances.
- Sleep problems – insomnia, excessive sleepiness, or sleep disorders.
It’s essential to note that these are only general symptoms and may vary depending on the specific disease and individual factors. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is recommended to consult a neurologist, who will determine the exact diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Neurological Exam at PULS
A neurological assessment at PULS provides patients with comprehensive diagnostics using the latest methods and technology. A skilled team of neurologists ensures accurate assessment and swift diagnosis, facilitating the initiation of appropriate treatment. The team includes neurologists Dr. Miloš Obradović, an expert in cerebrovascular diseases, primary and secondary stroke prevention; Dr. Predrag Stanarčević, an expert in stroke prevention, headaches, and dizziness; and Dr. Jelena Stanarčević, an expert in critical neurological conditions.
The neurological examination consists of several key phases to establish an accurate diagnosis and evaluate your neurological status:
1. Information Gathering or Anamnesis
The neurologist starts the examination with a conversation, thoroughly discussing symptoms—how long they last, their intensity, and other relevant details about your condition. They will inquire about your medical history, including past illnesses and treatments. If you have symptoms like dizziness, epilepsy, or memory problems, it’s recommended to bring someone close to you for the examination.
2. Physical Examination
In this phase, the neurologist assesses the functional status of your nervous system through various tests, including evaluating muscle strength, reflexes, coordination, balance, and sensory function. Special attention will be given to vision, hearing, speech, and other relevant aspects of the neurological condition.
3. Additional Diagnostics
If the initial examination indicates the need for deeper analysis, the neurologist may recommend further tests. These can include laboratory tests, electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity, and imaging such as CT scans for a more detailed view of brain structures.
4. Result Analysis and Treatment
Once all necessary tests are completed, the neurologist will thoroughly review the findings and make a final diagnosis. They will also explain treatment options and outline the next steps in the therapy.
Each examination at PULS is carefully tailored to the patient’s symptoms and needs to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.
Neurological Tests for Dementia Assessment
Neurological tests for assessing dementia include a comprehensive analysis of the patient’s cognitive and neurological functions using various methods such as mental status exams, screening tests, and additional assessments like brain imaging and laboratory tests.
Mental Status Examination
Assessing mental status is a key test in diagnosing dementia. This examination includes evaluating various cognitive functions such as memory, attention, language, visuospatial abilities, executive functions, and abstract thinking. The neurologist asks questions, assigns tasks, or uses standardized tests to gain insight into the patient’s cognitive state.
Besides cognitive functions, this exam assesses neurological abilities, including motor skills, balance, coordination, reflexes, and sensory functions. These tests may include evaluating muscle strength, the ability for precise movement, and response to touch.
Dementia Screening
For dementia screening, tests like the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are often used. These allow for the detection of cognitive impairment and help assess symptom severity.
Additional Tests
Depending on the initial test results, the neurologist may suggest further assessments, such as brain CT scans, EEG to analyze brain activity, or laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of symptoms. Diagnosing dementia requires a comprehensive approach, considering symptoms, test results, and the patient’s overall medical history.
Neurological Tests for Stroke Assessment
Neurological tests for stroke assessment are essential for quickly and accurately identifying brain damage and initiating appropriate treatment.
Screening Tests for Quick Assessment
Screening tests, such as the FAST test (Face, Arms, Speech, Time), are used in emergencies to assess symptoms like facial asymmetry, arm weakness, speech issues, and the time of symptom onset, as speed in response can be crucial. Additionally, the neurologist will evaluate neurological functions such as motor skills, balance, sensory functions, and reflexes.
Brain Imaging
Brain imaging, like CT scans, allows for the visualization of brain damage and helps confirm the diagnosis.
Laboratory Analyses
In certain situations, blood tests provide additional information about damage markers or coagulation. All these methods are part of a comprehensive stroke assessment, where prompt medical intervention is crucial.
Neurological Tests for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Assessment
Neurological tests for assessing multiple sclerosis are essential for identifying specific neurological changes and establishing an accurate diagnosis. The neurologist will thoroughly examine the patient’s various neurological functions, including coordination, balance, muscle strength, sensitivity, and reflexes, to identify signs of multiple sclerosis.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord is often used to display lesions characteristic of this disease, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring progression.
- Electroencephalography (EEG) is applied to rule out other neurological disorders.
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis through lumbar puncture allows for the detection of specific MS markers.
- Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP) test evaluates vision by measuring the brain’s response to visual stimuli.
All these tests, combined with the patient’s medical history, provide the neurologist with a comprehensive understanding of the disease’s nature and extent.
For the prices of neurological exams, please refer to our price list.